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Note 20 - Financial Instruments

Adoption of IAS 39 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
Financial Impact of Adopting IAS 39
Shareholders' Equity - Other Comprehensive Income ("OCI")
OCI Reserves
Hedging of Net Investment in Foreign Entity
Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Hedge Gains and Losses
Net Fair Values of Derivative Financial Instruments
Nominal Values of Derivative Financial Instruments

Adoption of IAS 39 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement

IAS 39 - Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, requires all financial assets and financial liabilities, including all derivatives, to be recognised on the Balance Sheet. They are initially measured at cost, which is the fair value or whatever was paid or received to acquire the financial asset or liability, but then subsequently, all financial assets should be measured to fair value with a few specific exceptions. After acquisition most financial liabilities should be measured at their original recorded amount less principal repayments and amortisation

At the start of the period in which IAS 39 is applied, the Standard requires the Group to identify all financial assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair values. Any resulting adjustment to previous carrying amounts should be recognised as an adjustment of the balance of retained earnings at the beginning of the period and accordingly the Group booked a credit to retained earnings of EUR 67.2 million net of tax.

IAS 39 also imposes strict limits on the use of hedge accounting, even for hedges that are economically effective. The standard applies to financial statements for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2001, being the date when the Group adopted IAS 39; the impact on Shareholder Equity and on various Balance Sheet items at that date is shown below.
 
Financial Impact of Adopting IAS 39
  As at 1 January 2001
EUR million Fair Value
Adjustments
Deferred
Tax
Retained
Earnings
Available-for-sale investments 87.1 -25.2 61.9
Derivatives measured to fair value      
Non-qualifying hedges 5.0 -1.4 3.6
Cash-flow hedges 19.7 -5.9 13.8
Fair-value hedges 22.0 -6.3 15.7
Restatement of hedged assets and liabilities at fair value -39.0 11.2 -27.8
Total Adjustments 94.8 -27.6 67.2


The Group reclassified its investments in both listed and unlisted securities as available-for-sale investments, revalued them to fair value at 1 January and made a cumulative adjustment of EUR 61.9 million, net of taxes, to retained earnings.

Other derivatives, considered to represent non-qualifying hedges under the strict criteria of IAS 39, were measured at fair value and shown in the Balance Sheet as either assets or liabilities, which resulted in adjustments of EUR 6.0 million to interest-bearing assets and EUR 1.0 million in interest-bearing liabilities. The Group recorded a corresponding cumulative credit of EUR 3.6 million, net of taxes, in retained earnings to recognise the difference between the carrying values and fair values of these derivatives.

In addition, adjustments of EUR 23.0 million were recorded in interest-bearing assets and EUR 3.2 million in interest-bearing liabilities to recognise all derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments at fair value; this included EUR -0.3 million relating to commodity hedges. The Group also recorded a corresponding cumulative adjustment of EUR 13.8 million net of tax in retained earnings to recognise the difference between carrying values and fair values.

The Group recorded a cumulative adjustment of EUR 15.7 million net of taxes in retained earnings at 1 January to recognise at fair value all derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments, against which the Group also recorded a cumulative negative adjustment of EUR 27.8 million net of taxes to recognise the difference, attributable to the hedged risks, between carrying values and fair values of the assets and liabilities being hedged.

Shareholders' Equity - Other Comprehensive Income ("OCI")

In 2000 the Group did not recognise in its Financial Statements the changes in fair values of derivative financial instruments, however with the adoption of IAS 39 on 1 January 2001, certain derivatives were designated as cash flow hedges and measured to fair values with the fair value movements being disclosed in the separate equity category of OCI: Hedging Reserve. The other component of OCI is the available-for-sale reserve, representing the difference between the fair value carrying amounts of investments and their cost (see Note 12). Movements in the year for these two reserves, together with the balances at the year end, are as shown below.

 
OCI Reserves
Hedging Reserve  
EUR million Forward Contracts Commodity Hedges Total Available-
for-sale
Reserve
Total
OCI
Reserves
           
Movements for the year          
Gains and losses from changes in fair value -28.0 33.5 5.5 -28.6 -23.1
Deferred taxes 8.6 -10.0 -1.4 7.4 6.0
Net change in OCI at 31 December 2001 -19.4 23.5 4.1 -21.2 -17.1
Hedging of Net Investment in Foreign Entity

Group policy for translation risk exposure is to minimise this by funding assets, whenever possible and economically viable, in the same currency, but if matching of the assets and liabilities in the same currency is not possible, hedging of the remaining translation risk may take place. The gains and losses, net of tax, on all financial liabilities and instruments used for hedging purposes, are offset in the Cumulative Translation Adjustment ("CTA") in Equity against the respective currency movements arising from the restatement of the net investments at current exchange rates on the Balance Sheet date:

  • The Group had USD 1 008.0 (EUR 1 143.8) million of borrowings and USD 330.0 (EUR 374.4) million of forward contracts hedging its net investment in Stora Enso North America Corp. The unrealised exchange gain on the borrowings was EUR 3.9 million and, for the forward contracts, an unrealised fair value loss of EUR 2.1 million in CTA.

  • CAD 852.0 (EUR 605.2) million of forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in Stora Enso Port Hawkesbury Ltd with an unrealised fair value gain of EUR 31.9 million being included in CTA.

  • Forward contracts of GBP 50.0 (EUR 82.2) million hedge the Group's UK exposure with an unrealised fair value loss of EUR 0.1 million included in CTA.


  • Fair Values of Financial Instruments

    In accordance with IAS 39, derivative financial instruments have to be disclosed on the Balance Sheet at their fair values, defined as the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged between willing parties in a current transaction, other than in a liquidation or forced sale. The fair values of such financial items have been estimated on the following basis :

  • Currency option contract values are calculated using year end market rates together with common option pricing models, the fair values being implicit in the resulting carrying amounts.

  • The carrying amounts of foreign exchange forward contracts are calculated using year end market rates and thus they approximate fair values.

  • The fair values of interest rate swaps have been calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis.

  • Cross currency swaps are fair valued against discounted cash flow analysis and year end foreign exchange.

  • The fair values of interest rate futures have been calculated by using either discounted cash flow analysis or quoted market prices on future exchanges, the carrying amounts approximating fair values.

  • Commodity contract fair values are computed with reference to quoted market prices on future exchanges and thus the carrying amounts approximate fair values.

  • The Group had no outstanding embedded derivatives at 31 December 2001.


  • Certain gains and losses on financial instruments are taken directly to equity, either to offset Cumulative Translation Adjustments (CTA) or deferred under Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). The remaining fair value movements are taken to the Income Statement as Net Financial Items, the amounts for 2001 being shown below.
    Fair Value Hedge Gains and Losses
    EUR million Year Ended 31 Dec 2001
       
    Net gains on qualifying hedges, incl. fair value changes in hedged items 12.5
    Net losses on non-qualifying hedges -4.8
    Net Fair Value Gains in Net Financial Items 7.7
    Net Fair Values of Derivative Financial Instruments
      As at 1 Jan 2001 As at 31 December 2001
    EUR million Net
    Fair Values
    Positive
    Fair Values
    Negative
    Fair Values
    Net
    Fair Values
             
    Interest-rate swaps 16.7 56.3 5.7 50.6
    Cross-currency swaps -11.7 0.3 50.9 -50.6
    Forward contracts 125.5 103.6 80.4 23.2
    Commodity swaps and forwards 5.0 33.2 0.1 33.1
    Total 135.5 193.4 137.1 56.3
    Positive and negative fair values of financial instruments are shown under Loan Receivables, Short-term Borrowings or Long-term Debt; in accordance with IAS 39, the comparatives for 2000 have not been restated.
    Nominal Values of Derivative Financial Instruments
      As at 31 December
    EUR million 2000 2001
         
    Interest-Rate Derivatives    
    Interest-rate swaps    
       Maturity under 1 year 96.6 16.1
       Maturity 2-5 years 307.6 766.5
       Maturity 6-10 years 333.3 1078.5
      737.5 1 861.1
    Interest rate options - 500.0
    Total 737.5 2 361.1
         
    Foreign Exchange Derivatives    
    - Cross-currency swap agreements 286.9 243.7
    - Forward contracts 4 515.0 7 526.2
    Total 4 801.9 7 769.9
         
    Commodity Derivatives    
    Forward agreements 108.0 -
    Commodity swaps 67.9 270.1
    Total 175.9 270.1