Environmental Glossary  Financial Glossary  Technical Glossary Environmental Glossary A-G   H-N   O-Z AOX Adsorbable organic halogen compounds. A collective term for the amount of Chlorine or other halogens bound to organic matter, in waste water, for example. Bio-fuels Fuels derived from renewable raw materials, such as bark, black liquor or logging residuals. Biotope An area of habitat that is naturally distinct as a result of its local climate, soil conditions, flora and fauna. BOD Biological Oxygen Demand - A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by micro-organisms as they break down organic matter in effluent during a certain period. CO2 Carbon dioxide - Carbon dioxide is formed during combustion and certain natural processes. Trees utilise carbon dioxide as they grow, through photosynthesis. Increasing amounts of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are widely believed to contribute to climate change. COD Chemical Oxygen Demand - A measure of the amount of oxygen required for the total chemical breakdown of organic substances in water by chemical oxygen-consuming substances. CSA Z809 Forestry certification criteria of the Canadian Standards Association Program for Sustainable Forest Management. DJSI STOXX The Dow Jones pan-European sustainability benchmark. DJSI World Assesses economic, environmental and social aspects of companies in the Dow Jones Global Index. ECF Elemental chlorine-free. Pulp bleached without the use of any elemental chlorine, although chlorine compounds like chlorine dioxide may be used. EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme - A voluntary environmental management system applicable in Europe, based on the EU regulation. EMS Environmental Management System Eutrophication Increased plant production caused by increase of available nutrients, most commonly Phosphorus and/or Nitrogen. FFCS Finnish Forest Certification System FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTSE4Good Index The FTSE4Good Index series includes socially responsible companies. FTSE is jointly owned by the London Stock Exchange and The Financial Times. ISO International Organisation for Standardisation ISO 14001 A global standard created for corporate environmental management systems by the International Organisation for Standardisation. LCA Life Cycle Assessment - A method for assessing the environmental impacts of a product "from cradle to grave". m3 sub Cubic metre of wood, solid under bark. Moratorium An agreed period when no wood is procured from a certain area. Nitrogen An element common as a gas in the atmosphere. Excessive concentrations of Nitrogen compounds in water, together with Phosphorus compounds and organic substances, can lead to increased biological activity in water, through eutrophication. NOx A collective term for the Nitrogen oxides formed during combustion, which can contribute to the acidification of soil and water. PEFC Pan-European Forest Certification Phosphorus An element. Excessive concentrations of Phosphorous compounds in water, together with Nitrogen compounds and organic substances, can lead to increased biological activity in water, through eutrophication. Recovered fibre Used paper and board separately collected for re-use as fibre raw material in paper and board manufacture. Recovered paper See recovered fibre. Recycled paper Paper that has been produced from recovered fibre. SFISM Sustainable Forestry Initiative of the American Forest & Paper Association SFM Canadian Standards Association Program for Sustainable Forest Management SO2 Sulphur dioxide - A gas formed when fuels that contain Sulphur, such as oil and coal, are burned. Sulphur dioxide contributes to the acidification of soil and water. TCF Totally chlorine-free. Pulp bleached without the use of any chlorine or chlorine compounds. Abbreviations and conversion table for units of measurement TJ: Terajoule (1 000 billion joules) GWh: Gigawatt-hours (1 billion watt-hours) TWh: Terawatt-hours (1 000 billion watt-hours) ha: Hectare (10 000 m2 or 100x100 m) 1 cubic metre = 264.1 gallons 1 metric tonne = 1.1025 short tons 1 GJ = 0.9473644 million BTU 1 cubic metre of solid wood under bark = 0.429 Great Lakes rough cords Financial Glossary A-G   H-N   O-Z Cash earnings per share Formula: (Profit for the period + depreciations) / Average number of shares Dividend yield Shows the amount of dividend in proportion to a share's market price. The price used is usually the market price at the end of the period under review, for example the end of a financial year. Formula: 100 x Dividend per share / Share price at the close of the period Debt/Equity ratio Shows the amount of net debt in proportion to equity capital. Stora Enso's target is a debt/equity ratio at or below 0.8 Formula: Interest-bearing net liabilities / (Equity + minority interests) Dividend per share Formula: Dividend for the period / Number of shares Earnings per share Formula: Profit for the period / Average number of shares Equity per share Shows how much of a company's equity one share represents. If the market price is greater than the equity per share, the market believes that the company will generate extra value. Formula: Equity / Number of shares at the close of the period Equity ratio (%) Shows the amount of equity in proportion to total assets. Formula: 100 x (Equity + minority interests) / Total assets Interest-bearing net liabilities Formula: Interest-bearing liabilities - interest-bearing assets Payout ratio (%) Shows how much of a company's profit is distributed as dividend. Stora Enso's target is to distribute a third of profits as dividend over the business cycle. Formula: 100 x Dividend per share / Earnings per share P/E (Price/earnings ratio) Shows a share's market price in proportion to its earnings. Calculated by dividing the share price by the reported or forecast annual earnings per share. For an investor this means that, if the P/E ratio is 10, the price is equivalent to ten years' earnings. The figure illustrates expectations of future company growth. In comparisons, it is best used for companies operating in the same field. Formula: Share price / Earnings per share ROOC (%) Return on Operating Capital Shows how productively a company is using its operating capital. Stora Enso uses this formula for the product areas. Formula: 100 x Operating profit / Operating capital *1) *2) ROCE (%) Return on Capital Employed Shows the same as ROOC, but with operating capital reduced by net tax liabilities. It is used as a corporate key figure in Stora Enso. The company's target for ROCE is 13% over the cycle. Formula: 100 x Operating profit / Capital employed *1) *2) ROE (%) Return on Equity Formula: 100 x (Profit before tax and minority items - taxes) / (Equity + minority interests) *2) *1) Capital employed = Operating capital - Net tax liabilities *2) Average for the financial period Technical Glossary A-G   H-N   O-Z Absorbency Ability of a paper or board to take up and retain a liquid with which it is in contact Art paper Paper, normally wood-free, suitable for 4-colour printing, evenly coated with a fine clay compound, which creates a hard smooth surface on one or both sides Ash content Residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature, generally expressed as a percentage of the original test sample and represents filler content in the paper Bale Solid pressed packaging unit of pulp Beating, refining Mechanical treatment of pulp fibres to develop their paper technical properties, such as ability to bond each other Biological durability Natural resistance against fungi Bisulphite pulp, sulphite pulp Chemical pulp produced by cooking woodchips in a solution of sulphur dioxide and ammonium-, calcium-, sodium- or magnesium-sulphite Black liquor Mixture of cooking chemicals and dissolved wood material remaining after sulphate cooking; recovered during pulp washing, concentrated by evaporation and burned in the recovery boiler to regenerate the cooking chemicals and generate energy Blade coating Most widely used coating method in which excess coating material is scraped off by a blade Bleaching Removal and/or modification of coloured components in pulp to improve brightness carried out in one or several consecutive stages Book paper Classification of paper that includes various grades and many finishes, among the grades being uncoated book paper and coated book paper used by printing establishments, publishers, etc Broke Paper or board discarded during manufacture or converting of paper; usually repulped Bulk, specific volume Reciprocal of paper density, also known as specific volume Bulk product Mass-produced product usually in compliance with standard specifications, e.g. newsprint Bulking thickness Thickness of a pack of sheets divided by the number of sheets in the pack Calendering Operation carried out by means of a calender on the, at least partially, dried paper or board, with the aim of improving the finish, the process permitting some control of the thickness of the paper Caliper, thickness Thickness of paper and board Canadian Lumber Standard, CLS Canadian lumber standard = framing timber for house building Chemical pulp Pulp produced by using cooking chemicals which dissolve lignin, the glue in the wood, to release the cellulose fibres Chemi-thermomechanical pulp, CTMP Chemi-thermomechanical pulp; pulp produced by refining chemically impregnated, pre-heated woodchips China clay, kaolin Mineral used in papermaking, as both filler and coating pigment CIE whiteness Degree of whiteness measured according to recommendations of the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) CKB, Coated Kraft Back Boards Board consisting of either bleached chemical pulp or a mineral-coated top layer or both, an unbleached back and a middle layer of unbleached chemical and/or mechanical pulp; used for packaging food and non-food products CLS, Canadian Lumber Standard Canadian lumber standard = framing timber for house building Coated fine paper, graphic paper Fine paper with a pigmented surface layer which increases the uniformity of the printing surface and provides improved printing properties, particularly for the reproduction of illustrations Coated Kraft Back Boards, CKB Board consisting of either bleached chemical pulp or a mineral-coated top layer or both, an unbleached back and a middle layer of unbleached chemical and/or mechanical pulp; used for packaging food and non-food products Coating Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its brightness and/or printing properties or its barrier properties; layer of extruded plastic on paper and board provides barrier properties or good printability for the substrate; layer of pigments and binding materials, such as latexes, improves printability of paper and board Core Spirally wound tube produced from coreboard, around which paper and board rolls, plastic film rolls and textile yarn rolls are wound Coreboard board produced from recovered papers, sometimes combined with a small proportion of primary wood pulp; used to produce paper cores Corewood, heartwood Wood located in the centre of the trunk and often darker in colour than the surrounding wood Corrugated board Container board consisting of one or several fluted filler boards (corrugating medium), glued to a surface layer of liners (kraftliner, testliner) consisting of one or several layers, used in containers CTMP, chemi-thermomechanical pulp Chemi-thermomechanical pulp; pulp produced by refining chemically impregnated, pre-heated woodchips CUK, Coated Unbleached Kraft Boards used for food and non-food cartons consisting of a bleached chemical pulp or a mineral-coated top layer or both, an unbleached back and unbleached chemical and/or mechanical pulp middle layers Cupstock Plastic-coated board used for paper cup production; suitable for cups for cold or hot beverages and for food and non-food packaging Decay resistance Wood's resistance to attack by decay fungi Deinked pulp, DIP Wastepaper pulp which has been de-inked through chemical or mechanical processing Digital printing machine Printing machine that prints direct from a computer data file onto paper, using the same image transfer techniques as are used in copiers and printers; often includes binding operation Digital printing paper Paper or board specially designed to be used in digital printing machines DIP, deinked pulp Wastepaper pulp which has been de-inked through chemical or mechanical processing Directory paper Paper made in different colours, for printing characteristics required by telephone directories and other similar publications, mainly from mechanical pulp and DIP, lighter and thinner than newsprint Dominant wave length Wavelength of the monochromatic component of the colour mixture that matches the evaluated shade of the newsprint specifies the colour of paper Durability, natural durability Natural resistance of wood to attack by decay fungi, insects and marine borers ECF, Elementary Chlorine Free pulp Pulp bleached without using elemental chlorine (chlorine gas) Elementary Chlorine Free pulp, ECF Pulp bleached without using elemental chlorine (chlorine gas) Excitation purity Lightness or darkness of the colour (defined with dominant wavelength) FBB, Folding Boxboard Multi-layer board, often mineral-coated, with an outer layer of sulphate (kraft) pulp and middle layer of mechanical pulp (groundwood, pressure groundwood or TMP; in top grades CTMP pulp may also be applied); used primarily for consumer cartons for packaging of dry and moist foods, cigarettes and other consumer products; also used in the graphic industry for catalogue covers, postcards and folders, etc. Folding Boxboard, FBB Multi-layer board, often mineral-coated, with an outer layer of sulphate (kraft) pulp and middle layer of mechanical pulp (groundwood, pressure groundwood or TMP; in top grades CTMP pulp may also be applied); used primarily for consumer cartons for packaging of dry and moist foods, cigarettes and other consumer products; also used in the graphic industry for catalogue covers, postcards and folders, etc. Filler Substance (often white pigment) added to the furnish in order to improve paper properties Fillet, moulding An oblong piece of wood with constant (and relatively small) cross-section, normally shaped to fit against a planed surface and most frequently profiled Fine paper Printing, writing and office papers of the finest quality, produced from a bleached chemical pulp with very little or no mechanical pulp; either coated or uncoated Finger-joint, glued timber joint glued length-wise jointing of timber pieces used in load-bearing structures Fluff pulp Special sulphate (kraft) or CTMP pulp that takes on a cotton-like appearance after dry defibration, used for absorbent materials such as nappies and feminine hygiene products Fully bleached pulp Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable Furnish Mixture of pulps and fillers which are processed by the paper machine to make paper Further processed Treated industrially or chemically to gain added value Gloss finish Shiny and highly reflective surface quality of paper obtained by gloss calandering Gloss paper Coated paper with a smooth, high-white and glossy surface that offers excellent picture printing quality Glued timber joint, finger-joint Glued length-wise jointing of timber pieces used in load-bearing structures Glulam, laminated timber Product which is laminated by gluing two or more timber pieces together Grade Classification of papers differentiated from each other on the basis of their content, appearance, manufacturing history, and/or their end use Grammage, gsm Mass of paper or board divided by area, typically expressed as g/m2; one of the basic units to specify a paper grade Graphic paper, coated fine paper Fine paper with a pigmented surface layer which increases the uniformity of the printing surface and provides improved printing properties, particularly for the reproduction of illustrations Gravure printing, rotogravure Printing process where the image is engraved (electronically or chemically) in the form of cells in the surface of a metal cylinder Greyboard Board made of recovered fibres and used for cartons and boxes in various packaging applications, as dividers, display boards and for book-binding; often laminated with other papers and boards Groundwood pulp, mechanical pulp Mechanical pulp manufactured by grinding wood against, e.g., a grindstone Gsm, grammage Mass of paper or board divided by area, typically expressed as g/m2; one of the basic units to specify a paper grade Hardwood Wood from a deciduous broad-leaved tree (such as birch, oak or beech) as distinguished from that of conifers Heartwood, corewood Wood located in the centre of the trunk and often darker in colour than the surrounding wood High finish paper Machine-calendered newsprint (= standardized printing paper produced from mechanical pulp) HWC, heavy-weight coated paper Coated paper produced from mechanical and chemical pulp used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials; coated to provide a high-quality printing surface Improved newsprint Newsprint type of paper made from bleached mechanical pulp or DIP for four-colour printing; different brightness levels ISO brightness, diffuse blue reflectance factor Intrinsic reflectance factor at an effective wavelength of 457 nm; measure for the brightness of paper Joinery Wooden components of a building, such as stairs, doors, door and window frames, viewed collectively Kaolin, China clay Mineral used in papermaking, as both filler and coating pigment Kiln drying Drying of green wood in kilns to required end use or trading moisture contents Kraft, kraft paper High-strength paper made almost entirely of unbleached kraft pulp Kraftliner Facing board used, for example, as an outer ply in corrugated board Kraft paper, kraft High-strength paper made almost entirely of unbleached kraft pulp Kraft sack paper, sack paper Paper used for the production of bags and sacks made from sulphate (kraft) pulp, with high strength properties Label paper One-sided machine-coated or cast-coated paper for labels for the beverage and food industry Lacquered Coated or sprayed with lacquer Laminated Product overlaid with a layer of plastic foil or veneer Laminated timber, glulam Product which is laminated by gluing two or more timber pieces together Laminating base paper, laminating paper Saturating base kraft paper and phenolic resin impregnated paper Laminating paper, laminating base paper Saturating base kraft paper and phenolic resin impregnated paper Length packaged Package of timber consisting of one timber length Light-weight coated paper, LWC Paper produced from mechanical and chemical pulp coated to provide a high-quality printing surface and used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials Lignin Polymer, which binds the fibres in the wood together and gives them stiffness Liquid Packaging Board, LPB, milkstock Plastic-coated board (FBB, SBS, SUS and CKB) used for the packaging of liquid foods, such as milk or juice, and often high-barrier-coated or foil-laminated for long-life beverages Log handling, log sorting Sorting of cut off or fallen trunks of trees Long fibre pulp Pulp produced from softwood (softwood pulp) Low moisture absorbency Reduced water uptake of wood LPB, Liquid Packaging Board, milkstock Plastic-coated board (FBB, SBS, SUS and CKB) used for the packaging of liquid foods, such as milk or juice, and often high-barrier-coated or foil-laminated for long-life beverages Lumber Wood (= usu sawn timber) used for or suitable for building (e.g. a house or boat) or for carpentry or joinery LWC, light-weight coated paper Paper produced from mechanical and chemical pulp coated to provide a high-quality printing surface and used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials m3 Cubic metre used, for example, to express the amount of wood Machine-finished coated paper, MFC Paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp for which soft calendering gives a matt finish to the surface Machine-finished paper, MF Paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp for which soft calendering gives a matt finish to the surface Machine stress-rated lumber, MSR lumber Dimension lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment used to measure the stiffness of the material and sort it into various modulus of elasticity (E) classes mechanical or non-mechanical testing methods Matt finish Matt calendered surface resulting a dull finish to the surface of paper and board and having a diffuse reflection; opposite of gloss finish mc, moisture content Weight of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven dry wood Mechanical pulp Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips; used mainly for newsprint Mechanical pulp, groundwood pulp Mechanical pulp manufactured by grinding wood against, e.g., a grindstone Medium-weight coated paper, MWC Medium-weight coated paper; paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp paper is coated to provide a high-quality printing surface MF, machine-finished paper Paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp for which soft calendering gives a matt finish to the surface MFC, machine-finished coated paper Paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp for which soft calendering gives a matt finish to the surface MG kraft paper One-sided calendered paper used for paper bags, wrapping paper, carrier bags, flexible packaging, etc produced mainly from sulphate (kraft) pulp Milkstock, LPB, Liquid Packaging Board Plastic-coated board (FBB, SBS, SUS and CKB) used for the packaging of liquid foods, such as milk or juice, and often high-barrier-coated or foil-laminated for long-life beverages Moisture content, mc Weight of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven dry wood Moulding, fillet An oblong piece of wood with constant (and relatively small) cross-section, normally shaped to fit against a planed surface and most frequently profiled MSR lumber, machine stress-rated lumber Dimension lumber that has been evaluated by mechanical stress-rating equipment used to measure the stiffness of the material and sort it into various modulus of elasticity (E) classes mechanical or non-mechanical testing methods MWC, medium-weight coated paper Medium-weight coated paper; paper used for special and general interest magazines, catalogues and advertising materials produced from mechanical and chemical pulp paper is coated to provide a high-quality printing surface Natural durability, durability Natural resistance of wood to attack by decay fungi, insects and marine borers Neutral sulphite pulp, NSSC Semi-chemical pulp produced by cooking woodchips in a neutral sulphite solution Newspaper, newsprint Unsized and uncoated paper manufactured mainly from mechanical pulp or DIP and intended for daily newspapers and similar printed matter; grammage 40-52 g/m2 Newsprint, newspaper Unsized and uncoated paper manufactured mainly from mechanical pulp or DIP and intended for daily newspapers and similar printed matter; grammage 40-52 g/m2 NSSC, neutral sulphite pulp Semi-chemical pulp produced by cooking woodchips in a neutral sulphite solution Office paper, uncoated fine paper Printing, writing or office paper of the finest quality, produced from a bleached chemical pulp with very little or no mechanical pulp Off-machine coating Application of adding coating to the paper on a separate coating machine (coater) off the paper machine Offset press Printing press using an offset method where the image is transferred from the plate cylinder onto paper via blanket, plate or impression cylinder Opacity Property of paper that prevents show-through of printing, the opposite of transparency Optical characteristics Characteristics of the appearance of paper or board, the most important of which are shade, brightness, opacity and gloss Oxygen bleaching Lignin removal process using oxygen gas, alkali solution and stabilising substances Permeability Ability of a surface or coating of paper to allow passage of a gas, liquid or vapour Permeance, porosity Combined volume of the pores, capillaries and other voids between the fibres and fillers in a paper Phenolic resin impregnated paper Paper saturated with phenolic resin (= resin made by the polymerisation of a phenol with an aldehyde, used as a binder for cores and sand moulds) Planed Lumber or board that have got a smooth finish by planing Plastic coating and laminating Coating of paper and boards by polymers, typically polyethylene, and/or laminating with other materials, typically aluminium foil, plastic film or other paper and board Plate Any material used to make a printed impression by letterpress, gravure or lithography Porosity, permeance Combined volume of the pores, capillaries and other voids between the fibres and fillers in a paper Press Sets of opposing parallel rolls in a paper machine through which the paper web passes during manufacture and between which it is subjected topressure, at the same time increasing the dryness of the paper Primary fibre, virgin fibre Wood fibre never before used to make pulp, paper or board Printability Function and interaction of paper with other components, e.g. the ink in the printing process; subjective assessment judged from the printing result and covering all the paper properties that influence the results of printing an image. Compare runability Printing paper Paper specially designed for printing, e.g. newsprint and magazine paper Processed softwood product Timber product produced from wood of coniferous trees (e.g. pine) Profile board Board with a special shape, as seen from a side view Purity cf. excitation purity Ream Five hundred sheets of paper cut to a specific size Recovered paper Used paper and board separately collected for re-use as fibre raw material in paper and board manufacture Recovered fibre see recovered paper Recycled paper Paper that has been produced from recovered fibre Reel-fed web offset printing Printing on a continuous roll of paper in a printing press which uses a curved printing plate mounted on the plate cylinder Refining, beating Mechanical treatment of pulp fibres to develop their paper technical properties, such as ability to bond each other Rejects Material created in paper making and refinement which is removed and discarded during the cleaning of pulp/stock; usually used as repulped Rotogravure, gravure printing Printing process where the image is engraved (electronically or chemically) in the form of cells in the surface of a metal cylinder Roughness Degree of roughness of the surface of paper; opposite to smoothness. Runability Feature covering all the paper properties that create a trouble-free run through a paper machine or printing press (also how well cartons run on an automatic packaging line); see printability S2S Surfaced on two sides, rough lumber surfaced on the top and the bottom S4S Surfaced on four sides, lumber milled and surfaced on all four sides Sack paper, kraft sack paper Paper used for the production of bags and sacks made from sulphate (kraft) pulp, with high strength properties Sapwood Outer layers of a stem, which, in a live tree, are composed of living cells and conduct water up the tree Saturated Base Kraft, SBK Brown Absorbex Kraft Paper produced from unbleached sulphate pulp made from sawdust with good wet strength, used mainly in decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL); White Absorbex Kraft Paper is manufactured from bleached sulphate pulp and is used for electrical applications Sawing line Production line for converting log raw material to timber and by-products (chips and sawdust) Sawmilling Industry in which power-driven machines saw and plane timber Sawn softwood products Timber products that are produced from the wood of coniferous trees (e.g. pine, spruce) SBK, Saturated Base Kraft Brown Absorbex Kraft Paper produced from unbleached sulphate pulp made from sawdust with good wet strength, used mainly in decorative high-pressure laminates (HPL); White Absorbex Kraft Paper is manufactured from bleached sulphate pulp and is used for electrical applications SBS, Solid Bleached Sulphate Board Board consisting of one or several layers of bleached chemical pulp, often also pigment-coated, used in the graphic industry and for various consumer cartons for packaging dry and moist food products and in the non-food sector typically for cigarette and luxury goods cartons SC, super-calendered paper Uncoated paper that has been highly calendered in a supercalender in order to obtain a smoother surface and higher gloss than machine-finished paper; used for magazines, printed advertising material, catalogues and direct marketing SC fluting Board made from unbleached semi-chemical pulp and used as a middle layer for corrugated boards Screening Separation of suspended material into fractions according to form, size and density with the aid of one or more screens Sheet-fed offset printing Offset printing where individual pieces of paper are fed into the press Shives Small bundles of fibres in pulp or paper that have not been separated completely during pulping Short fibre pulp Pulp produced from hardwood (hardwood pulp; e.g.. birch, beech, eucalyptus) Silk matte paper Coated paper with non-reflecting surface and high whiteness suitable for printed matter with large blocks of text, providing excellent picture printing characteristics Sizing Process where a sizing agent (e.g. starch) is added to the paper to increase strength and decrease absorbance Smoothness Degree of evenness and regularity of the surface of a paper sheet; opposite to roughness Softwood Wood of pine, spruce, or other conifers; with the advantage of having long fibres which enhance the strength of paper Solid Bleached Sulphate Board, SBS Board consisting of one or several layers of bleached chemical pulp, often also pigment-coated, used in the graphic industry and for various consumer cartons for packaging dry and moist food products and in the non-food sector typically for cigarette and luxury goods cartons Specialty paper Coated and uncoated paper designed and produced to meet the unique packaging, printing and labelling needs of customers with diverse and specialised paper needs; e.g. household papers, sanitary papers, base paper of wallpapers, labels, sack papers, wrapping papers, envelopes, packaging, flexible packaging and industrial papers Specific volum, bulk Reciprocal of paper density, also known as specific volume Stained, discoloured Lumber infected by blue-stain fungus causing blue colour Standard newsprint Used for newsprint when there is a need to stress that it is question of the basic newsprint Stress grade Measure describing the strength of structural timber Substance Particular kind of matter with uniform properties Sulphate pulp, kraft pulp Chemical pulp produced by cooking woodchips in an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide Sulphite pulp, bisulphite pulp Chemical pulp produced by cooking woodchips in a solution of sulphur dioxide and ammonium-, calcium-, sodium- or magnesium-sulphite Super-calendered paper, SC Uncoated paper that has been highly calendered in a supercalender in order to obtain a smoother surface and higher gloss than machine-finished paper; used for magazines, printed advertising material, catalogues and direct marketing TCF, Totally Chlorine Free Pulp bleached without chlorine and chlorine compounds Tearing resistance Mechanical property of paper, force needed to tear paper Testliner Linerboards made partly or wholly from recovered fibres, range covering unbleached, white top, mottled and coated grades, used for surface layers of corrugated boards Thermowood Heat-treated timber Thickness, caliper Thickness of paper and board TMP, thermomechanical pulp Mechanical pulp produced by the pressurised pre-steaming of woodchips prior to defibration in a refiner Totally Chlorine Free, TCF Pulp bleached without chlorine and chlorine compounds Truck packaged Package of timber with random lengths Uncoated fine paper, office paper Printing, writing or office paper of the finest quality, produced from a bleached chemical pulp with very little or no mechanical pulp Wastepaper Used paper, such as newspapers, magazines and office paper, that is collected for recycling and reuse Web fed offset printing, web offset Offset printing on a roll of any substrate that passes continuously through a printing press Web offset, web fed offset printing Offset printing on a roll of any substrate that passes continuously through a printing press Wellenstoff Board made from recovered fibres and used as a middle layer for corrugated board White Lined Chipboard, WLC Board made mainly or wholly from recovered fibres, often mineral coated, and used for consumer cartons for dry food and non-food products as well as graphical end-uses Virgin fibre, primary fibre Wood fibre never before used to make pulp, paper or board WLC, White Lined Chipboard Board made mainly or wholly from recovered fibres, often mineral coated, and used for consumer cartons for dry food and non-food products as well as graphical end-uses Wood extractive Metabolic substance in wood, not an integral part of the cellular structure, that can be removed by solution in hot or cold water, ether, benzene, or other solvents that do not react chemically with wood substance Wood preservative Product containing pesticides which protect wood from pests and rot Wood procurement Purchase, harvesting and transport of wood to the mill Wood protection Using preservatives to protect timber from insects, rotting, weathering or wearing with chemicals (coats, paint and impregnation compounds)